How single clock frequency of laptop/mobile phone is divided as per frequency requirement of its individual component ?

In general, your laptop would be operated at 2.2--2.4GHz or your mobile phone could be operating at approx. 1.6GHz . Does every hardware of your laptop/mobile phone operate at said frequency or only portion of it? Ever wondered how your entire laptop/mobile phone hardware operate at one given frequency ?

Generally, only 2% of laptop hardware operates on the said frequency. Since many section of hardware need to interact with humans (ex: display, keyboard etc.), who are too slow compares to motherboard (screen refreshes at 60Hz, keyboard works in KHz, USB works in MHz, etc.), there performance is much limited compared to motherboard. This generates the need to different clock frequency for different hardwares due to their varying operating frequency.

To get this, actual clock originated from oscillator is fed to Programmable Interval Timer (PIT), which in turn, activates many hardware timers of PIT. With every rising/falling edge in input clock from coming from oscillator to PIT, PIT gets triggered and it caused a tick in its individual timers (associated with different hardware with varying frequency requirements). To get varying frequency, appropriate values need to be loaded in individual timer register of PIT.